Structural Organisation in Plants
1. What is morphology in plants?
Answer: Morphology in plants refers to the study of the form and structure of plants, including their external features such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
2. Describe the primary functions of the root in flowering plants.
Answer: The primary functions of the root in flowering plants are anchorage, absorption of water and minerals, storage of food, and vegetative reproduction.
3. Explain the modifications of roots and give an example.
Answer: Root modifications include changes in structure and function to adapt to specific needs, such as storage (e.g., carrots), support (e.g., prop roots in maize), and respiration (e.g., pneumatophores in mangroves).
4. What are the main types of stem modifications?
Answer: The main types of stem modifications include tubers (e.g., potatoes), rhizomes (e.g., ginger), bulbs (e.g., onions), and tendrils (e.g., grapevines).
5. Define the term ‘inflorescence’ and differentiate between cymose and racemose types.
Answer: Inflorescence refers to the arrangement of flowers on a plant. Cymose inflorescence has a determinate growth pattern where the main axis terminates in a flower, while racemose inflorescence has an indeterminate growth pattern where flowers are borne laterally.
6. What are the primary functions of leaves?
Answer: The primary functions of leaves include photosynthesis, transpiration, gas exchange, and sometimes storage.
7. Describe the structure of a typical flower.
Answer: A typical flower consists of four main parts: sepals (collectively called the calyx), petals (collectively called the corolla), stamens (the male reproductive organs), and carpels (the female reproductive organs).
8. How do fruits form, and what is their main function?
Answer: Fruits form from the fertilized ovary of a flower. Their main function is to protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.
9. What is the significance of seed structure?
Answer: The structure of seeds is significant because it contains the embryonic plant, stored food for the embryo, and a protective seed coat, ensuring the survival and germination of the plant.
10. Name the five plant families covered in the syllabus and provide one example for each.
Answer: The five plant families are:
- Malvaceae (e.g., Hibiscus)
- Cruciferae (e.g., Brassica)
- Leguminosae (e.g., Pisum)
- Compositae (e.g., Sunflower)
- Gramineae (e.g., Wheat)
Structural Organisation in Animals
11. What are the four main types of animal tissues?
Answer: The four main types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
12. Describe the primary function of epithelial tissue.
Answer: The primary function of epithelial tissue is to cover and protect body surfaces and internal organs, and it also functions in absorption, secretion, and sensation.
13. What are the main components of connective tissue?
Answer: The main components of connective tissue are cells (e.g., fibroblasts), fibers (e.g., collagen, elastin), and ground substance (matrix).
14. Explain the role of muscle tissue in animals.
Answer: Muscle tissue is responsible for movement and contraction in animals. It includes skeletal muscle (voluntary movement), cardiac muscle (heart contractions), and smooth muscle (involuntary movements in organs).
15. Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue.
Answer: Nervous tissue consists of neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses, while glial cells support and protect neurons. This tissue is responsible for receiving stimuli and transmitting signals throughout the body.
16. Outline the digestive system of a frog.
Answer: The digestive system of a frog includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, and associated glands like the liver and pancreas. It functions in the breakdown and absorption of food.
17. What is the primary function of the circulatory system in frogs?
Answer: The primary function of the circulatory system in frogs is to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
18. Describe the respiratory system of a frog.
Answer: The respiratory system of a frog includes the lungs, skin, and lining of the mouth. Frogs can respire through their lungs (pulmonary respiration), skin (cutaneous respiration), and mouth lining (buccopharyngeal respiration).
19. What is the structure of the nervous system in frogs?
Answer: The nervous system in frogs consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves and sensory organs). It controls sensory input, motor functions, and coordination.
20. Explain the reproductive system of a frog.
Answer: The reproductive system of a frog includes testes in males (producing sperm) and ovaries in females (producing eggs). Fertilization is typically external, occurring in water where males release sperm over the eggs laid by females.
This question bank covers various aspects of structural organization in plants and animals, providing a comprehensive understanding of the topic.